Bar Kokhba revolt

Jewish uprising against Rome (132-136 CE) led by Simon bar Kokhba, whom Rabbi Akiva endorsed as the Messiah. After initial success recapturing Jerusalem, Rome crushed the revolt, killed an estimated 580,000 Jews, renamed the province Syria Palaestina, and banned Jews from Jerusalem. The revolt marked the end of Jewish sovereignty in the land until the modern era.

Wikipedia: Bar Kokhba revolt